Journal of African Development

E-sports has rapidly evolved into a global competitive and commercial phenomenon, necessitating the development of robust legal frameworks to regulate its multifaceted activities. This study undertakes a comparative analysis of the legal framework governing e-sports in India and the United States, with the objective of examining their regulatory approaches, institutional structures, and key legal challenges. The research is based on a doctrinal and comparative methodology, analysing constitutional provisions, statutory laws, judicial interpretations, and the role of regulatory and industry bodies in both jurisdictions. The findings reveal that India’s e-sports regulation is fragmented and largely dependent on existing laws such as the Information Technology Act, 2000 and the Public Gambling Act, 1867, along with varying state legislations, leading to ambiguity and inconsistency. In contrast, the United States exhibits a more developed yet decentralized framework, supported by federal and state laws and significant private governance by industry stakeholders. Despite these differences, both countries face common challenges, including the classification of e-sports vis-à-vis gambling, player protection, and regulatory gaps. The study concludes that a comprehensive and coherent legal framework is essential for ensuring the sustainable growth of the e-sports industry. It recommends policy reforms, institutional strengthening, and international cooperation to address emerging legal and technological challenges